Sufficient to fertilise 100% of their eggs 3.
Greater than the mean amount of time spent searching for new females d. That would result in the optimum number of eggs being fertilised for the time spent copulating c. In dung flies an ESS would dictate that males would copulate with females for a period of time: a.Įqual to that spent searching for new females b.
This body of data was the product of geneticists and applied entomologists who knew little and cared less about the role of sperm competition in evolution. As it turns out, dozens of excellent sperm competition experiments and other appropriate observations on insects had been accumulating in the literature for years. Geoff's dung flies behaved as his model predicted and this result provided empirical evidence that sperm competition had indeed acted as a selective force.
The answer was that yellow dung fly males were playing the sperm competition game to maximize their lifetime fertilization rates and not the number of egg gains from each mating. Parker wondered why males didn't extend the time spent in copula in order to transfer more sperm and thereby obtain 100% of the fertilizations. Very briefly, Parker determined that the last male to mate with a given female in a set of competitive matings always fertilized about 80% of the eggs she laid until another mating occurred. stercoraria was the first animal to be studied specifically to investigate male patterns possibly evolved in the context of sperm competition. degree at University of Bristol in the 1960's. Smith, in Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection, 1998īeginning with the last, the yellow dung fly is a common barnyard species with which Geoff Parker amused himself while pursuing his Ph.D.
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